nguy bien trong doi song so - hay tro choi ma manh…
(But ky triet hoc)
Nhung ai quan tam den chu nghia nguy bien deu la nhung nguoi quan tam den nghe thuat dien thuyet, tranh luan, chung minh,... Chinh vi vay, neu xet goc do triet hoc, nhung nha triet hoc theo truong phai nay la nhung nha triet hoc dac biet. Ho that khac voi cac nha triet hoc truoc do va duong thoi, boi hau het cac nha triet hoc khi do chi tap trung vao nghien cuu. Chinh vi dac diem nay cong them hoan canh xa hoi hoa giao duc, tu tu hoc da duoc dua len tro thanh mot mon hoc danh gia. Dieu dang noi o day la cac hoc gia chuyen mon linh vuc nay deu duoc chao don bang cac "loi ca tung co canh". Cac nha nguy bien da de cao tu tu hoc nhu sauː
Ngon ngu chang nhung giai thoat chung ta khoi cuoc song dong vat ma con giup chung ta xay dung thanh pho, thiet dinh duoc phap luat, sang tao nen nghe thuat. Manh luc cua no duoc the hien o cho khong co no thi khong co cai gi co the sinh ra tu ly tinh. Ngon tu la vi lanh tu cua moi viec lam va cua moi suy nghi; rang loi noi la suc manh vi dai, no lam nen nhung cong viec tuyet voi. Khi ma khong biet noi, chung ta chi la mot thuc the ton tai be nho va hoan toan chang co gia tri nao het
Thoi Socrates cac nha triet hoc chi de cap den vu tru va dem vu tru ra de chiem nghiem. Hien nay, cac nha triet hoc thuoc chu nghia nguy bien cho rang triet hoc nen nghien cuu ca ve con nguoi nua va thoi song cua ho. Cac nha nguy bien da ke thua quan niem cua nhung nguoi tien boi de nghien cuu ve con nguoi. Ho, chu khong phai ai khac, khai sinh ra tu tuong hoc phai di doi voi hanh. Doi voi ho, van dung nhung dieu da hoc duoc vao thuc tien la cong viec cua con nguoi, chu khong phai di chiem nghiem nua.
Voi hoan canh lich su da neu o tren, cac nha triet hoc nguy bien da bat kip thoi dai. Tu do, ho thuc day mot nen giao duc da dang va mang nhieu y nghia thuc hanh hon. Binh van doi khi duoc thay bang cac minh hoa hinh anh va da phuong thuc khac. Rang VO CHU - CAI BIEU DAT- CAI DUOC BIEU DAT phai thanh than voi chinh con nguoi trong y nghia cua nhan thuc va rung dong than xac.
The nhung neu dem cai phuong thuc binh van nhu the nay hien nay de tham dien TRUYEN KIEU va rang no phai duoc trinh dien theo loi PHE BINH MOI thi TRUYEN KIEU lieu co con dep lung linh trong hon luc bat nua khong…Cau tra loi la KHONG…!? Do phai chang la su Nguy bien hien dai cua gioi tinh hoa trong phe binh moi hien nay…?
Noi chung, chu nghia nguy bien tro thanh mot trong nhung truong phai triet hoc gay tranh cai nhat. Nhieu nguoi da nhan dinh rang cac nha nguy bien la nhung nha khai sang cua Hy Lap co dai. Mot so y kien khac cho rang cac nha nguy bien da doi trang thay den, danh trao khai niem triet hoc.
Tren thuc te, nguy bien la mot loi rat lon trong tranh luan. No khien con nguoi ta tu duy theo loi mon, lap luan thieu sac ben, vo can cu, hay... "ca vu lap mieng em", va thuong duoi ly ma khong biet rang minh dang duoi ly, de roi cuoi cung noi nhung loi co phan xuc pham nguoi khac.
Duoi day se la nhung kieu nguy bien ma nhieu nguoi trong chung ta rat hay su dung ma khong he hay biet.
1. Nguy bien cong kich (ad hominem)
Day la kieu nguy bien tan cong vao doi thu tranh luan, thay vi su dung logic, dua ra nhung lap luan chat che. Va van de o day cai ho su dung de nguy bien lai chang lien quan gi den chu de dang tranh cai.
2. Nguy bien "Anh cung vay" (Tu Quoque fallacy)
Day chac chan la mot kieu nguy bien nhieu ban cam thay quen thuoc, vi vi du noi bat nhat la cau: "Lam duoc nhu nguoi ta di roi hang noi".
3. Nguy bien "Khong du tham quyen"
Ban di xem trien lam tranh Sieu thuc ve the gioi hien dai, ban che Khong ra gi, co nguoi biet ban bao : “ Cau hieu gi ve hoi hoa ma che du the!”
4. Nguy bien chui the
Chui the cung la mot kieu nguy bien, co dieu no la kieu nguy bien the hien su bat luc cua nguoi tranh luan. Nguoi nay chang can luan diem, logic gi het, duoi ly la chui luon.
5. Nguy bien bu nhin (straw man)
La cach bop meo, xuyen tac quan diem hay phat bieu cua nguoi khac bien no thanh mot y nghia hoan toan khac.
6. Nguy bien nac danh (anonymous authority)
Kieu nguy bien nay kha la pho bien hien nay. Trong do, nguoi dung thuong khong neu dich danh nguoi co tham quyen, ma tham chi co neu thi nguoi khac cung khong the kiem chung duoc.
7. Nguy bien loi dung cam xuc (emotional appeal fallacy)
La kieu nguy bien su dung cam xuc cua doi phuong de khai thac, trong do chu yeu la long trac an.
8. Nguy bien den trang (Black or white fallacy)
Day la kieu nguy bien tu phan dinh cau tra loi xuong chi con 2 lua chon, hoac trang, hoac den, du tren thuc te co nhieu lua chon hon.
9. Nguy bien loi dung dam dong (appeal to the people)
Kieu nguy bien nay loi dung quan niem: So dong luon dung - quan diem, ly le nao duoc so dong ung ho thi no phai dung. Hay con goi la Nguy bien bay dan…Nen nhieu khi con bo lai co the tro thanh mot con su tu…boi dam dong deu khang dinh do la Su tu?!
10. Nguy bien de doa (ad baculum)
Day thuc chat la mot kieu de doa, gan giong nhu nguy bien chui the. No nham muc dich gay ap luc, bat nguoi khac phai chap nhan luan diem, giong nhu cau: "Chan ly thuoc ve ke manh".
Bai nay da duoc xem 1629 lan
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Nguoi dang:
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Pham Khang
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