h × c /λ × ∆u = 1
Energy of Photons:
E = h × c /λ
Energy of Photons: Usually a stable constant, unchanging and dependent on the type of wavelength.
* Energy of Atoms:
Energy of Atoms: Usually varies according to all physical properties.
We have:
Energy of Photons × Energy of Atoms = 1 (This means they are inversely proportional to each other).
* P × V = n × R × T (The gas state equation).
=> The sphere form of gas (Qi) is related to four thermodynamic processes: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic.
* ∆U = Q + A
Or: ∆U = ( i × n × R × T) / 2, ( n = m / M).
* Through isothermal process: ∆U = 0, Q = - A
h × c /λ × ∆U = 1
=> λ = 0, no wavelength exists, or the wavelength has an infinite value.
* Through the isochoric process: A = 0, ∆U = Q
h × c /λ × ∆U = 1
<=> h × c /λ × Q = 1
<=> h × c /λ × (m × Cv × ∆T) = 1
<=> λ = 2 × 10^-25 × (m × Cv × ∆T)
Choosing the wavelength of yellow light, ∆T = 1001 degrees C, and Cv = 12.47 (J / (Kg × K))
<=> λ = 2,5 × 10^-21 × m
With wavelength of yellow light λ = 0,589 micrometer, m = 0,589 × 10^-6 / 2,5 × 10^-21 = 2,35 × 10^15 Kg of Gas.
* Through the isobaric process: ∆U = Q + A, with A = P × (V1 - V2). A = h × c / λ: work done by the substance. A > 0 if V1 > V2, A < 0 if V1 < V2.
h × c /λ × ∆U = 1
<=> h × c /λ × (Q + A) = 1
<=> λ = 2 × 10^-25 × ((m × Cp × ∆T) + A).
Choosing the wavelength of yellow light, ∆T = 1001 degrees C, and Cv = 12.47 (J / (Kg × K)). A = h × c / λ is the value is too small to be ignored.
<=> λ = 2 × 10^-19 × m
With wavelength of yellow light λ = 0,589 micrometer, m = 0,589 × 10^-6 / 2 × 10^-19 = 3 × 10^12 Kg of Gas.
* Through the adiabatic process: Q = 0, ∆U = A
h × c /λ × ∆U = 1
<=> h × c /λ ×(A) = 1
<=> λ = 2 × 10^-25 × (A).
This usually happens when the system is perfectly insulated or the process happens too quickly, preventing heat from transferring properly. The instantaneous power was born very large.
With wavelength of yellow light λ = 0,589 micrometer, A = 3 × 10^18 (J.s)
Formula:
Q = m × c × ∆T
Note:
Q: is the heat energy (J).
m: is the mass of the gas (Kg)
C: is the specific heat capacity of the substance making up the object (J / (Kg × K)).
+ The isobaric process: Cp = 1005 (J / (Kg × K)).
+ The isochoric process:
Cv1 = 12,47 (J / (Kg × K)). For single-gas systems.
Cv2= 20,78 (J / (Kg × K)). For dual-gas systems
Cv3 = 24,94(J / (Kg × K)). For multi-gas systems.
c: the speed of light, c = 3 × 10^8 (m/s).
h: is Planck's constant, h = 6.625 × 10^-34 (J.s).
∆T: is the change in temperature, ∆T = |T2 - T1| (K).